The rugged northern mountains of Vietnam are home to diverse ethnic groups, many of whom trace their origins to southern China. Among the most prominent are the Tay and Thai, historically powerful feudal communities that have long dominated the fertile valleys. Meanwhile, more recently arrived groups, such as the Hmong and Dao, inhabit the higher, less hospitable terrain. These isolated communities have preserved their rich traditions, though many still live at subsistence levels. Weekly markets play a vital social and economic role, with famous gatherings in Sa Pa and Bac Ha. A hallmark of cultural life here is call-and-response singing, often performed during festivals and ceremonies.

Dao

  • Population: 500,000
  • Regions: Lao Cai, Ha Giang

The Dao (pronounced “Zao”) are among the most diverse ethnic groups in Vietnam, with a wide range of social, religious, and cultural practices. Having migrated from China centuries ago, the Dao have kin in Laos, Thailand, and China. Their striking traditional attire features a bold red turban, which remains iconic. Dao communities are found at various altitudes, influencing their architectural styles and farming methods. Those in the lowlands typically enjoy better livelihoods, cultivating rice and raising livestock, while those in mountainous areas face greater poverty.

Giay

  • Population: 50,000
  • Regions: Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Ha Giang

The Giay (pronounced “Zay”) are a smaller minority group with a feudal societal structure, dividing the aristocracy from the peasantry. Their villages consist of closely-knit stilt houses, and communal land is a central feature of their way of life. Traditional dress, characterized by colorful circular collars and bright fabrics, is still worn by some Giay women, especially during formal events.

Hmong

  • Population: 800,000
  • Regions: High-altitude villages across the north

The Hmong people, originally from southern China, have been migrating into Vietnam since the late 18th century. Known for their independence and resilience, they refer to themselves as “free people” (Hmong), rejecting the derogatory term “Miao” once used in China. Despite their vibrant cultural heritage, the Hmong face considerable challenges, including poverty, low education levels, and high infant mortality rates. Traditional farming techniques include terraced rice paddies and the cultivation of maize and vegetables. Once reliant on opium poppy farming, they have transitioned to other crops like fruit trees.

Hmong women are renowned for their indigo-dyed textiles and intricate silver jewelry. Major subgroups include White, Red, Green, Black, and Flower Hmong, each with distinct dialects, customs, and attire.

Muong

  • Population: 1.2 million
  • Regions: Yen Bai, Son La, Thanh Hoa

Believed to share ancestry with the Viet people, the Muong ethnic group split from their lowland counterparts over 2,000 years ago. Their aristocratic society is marked by communal land distribution and cultural symbols like bronze gongs. Muong stilt houses resemble those of the Thai, and their livelihoods center around rice farming, fishing, and hunting. Women continue to wear traditional black skirts and embroidered belts, showcasing their rich cultural heritage.

Nung

  • Population: 750,000
  • Regions: Cao Bang, Lang Son

Closely related to the Tay, the Nung people are skilled farmers and horticulturalists, cultivating a wide range of crops on terraced hillsides. Known for their unique clay-walled homes, the Nung embrace Buddhism and ancestor worship. Their colorful traditional attire and improvised call-and-response singing reflect their rich artistic traditions.

Tay

  • Population: 1.5 million
  • Regions: Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Kan

The Tay are Vietnam’s largest ethnic minority in the highlands, with a history spanning over 2,000 years. Deeply influenced by Viet culture, they excel in wet-rice cultivation, animal husbandry, and fish farming. Tay villages often feature thatched stilt houses, while women wear traditional indigo-dyed clothing adorned with silver jewelry. The Tay are also celebrated for their literary and artistic traditions, including theatrical performances and kite-flying.

Thai

  • Population: 1.3 million
  • Regions: Dien Bien Phu, Son La, Mai Chau

Predominantly located in the northwest, the Thai have lived in Vietnam for at least 2,000 years. Their hierarchical society was historically ruled by feudal lords. The Thai language, derived from Sanskrit, has fostered a rich literary tradition, including epic poetry and folklore. Women are renowned for their weaving skills, producing intricate brocades as part of their dowries. The Thai are divided into two main subgroups: Black Thai and White Thai, named after the colors of their traditional garments.

Explore Vietnam’s Highland Cultures

The ethnic minorities of northern Vietnam represent a treasure trove of cultural diversity, from their unique traditions to their stunning textiles and handicrafts. Whether you’re visiting bustling markets in Sa Pa or exploring remote mountain villages, these communities offer an unforgettable glimpse into the region’s vibrant heritage.